Podcasts by The Age of Organizational Effectiveness -- hosted by Charles Chandler
All episodes
132 – The organization of the biosphere from 2022-07-04T08:00
In this episode, I talk with Dr. Fred Spier, a retired senior lecturer in big history at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. We discuss his recent book, How the Biosphere Works (202...
Listen131 — Change your organization from 2022-06-03T08:00
In this episode, I am joined by Lindsey Agness, CEO of The Change Corporation (UK). We discuss her book, Change Your Business with NLP. Connect with Lindsey at TheChangeCorporation.com Email: Linds...
Listen130 – Project effectiveness in international development from 2022-05-02T08:00
In this episode, I discuss a way to think about effectiveness in development projects & programs that could allow international development to deliver on its original promises of development ef...
Listen129 – Landscape leaders from 2022-04-07T09:00
In this episode, I welcome Jeff McManus to the podcast, who is the Director of Landscape Services for the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). We discuss his 2017 book, Growing Weeders into Leader...
Listen128 – Validity in management from 2022-03-04T10:00
Gary Hamel (formerly of the London Business School) has characterized management as the technology of human accomplishment. Management came into its own in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as the US...
Listen127 – Organizations in ‘Big History’ from 2022-02-03T22:00
You may have heard the term ‘Big History’. It comes from historian David Christian, at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. He has a TED talk describing what his team has been up to with Big ...
Listen126 – Predicting firm survival from 2022-01-01T10:00
Given the significant pressures on firms in the real world, what do we know about the traits, characteristics, or management approaches that help ensure that a firm can and will survive within its ...
Listen125 – The evolution of training from 2021-12-02T10:00
In this episode, I interview Isaac Tolpin, who is a serial entrepreneur and the CEO of ConveYour.com, a micro-learning platform. We cover several topics related to the role of training in organizat...
Listen124 – Executive cognition from 2021-10-29T09:00
In this episode, I am joined by Dr. Barry Borgerson, who is the author of The 2Selfs Revolution (2019). Barry is an executive coach who has written extensively on cognition at the executive level. ...
Listen123 – Managing capitalism, one organization at a time from 2021-09-30T09:00
If you are a manager of an organization, whether business, government, or non-profit, you currently have a hand in managing capitalism. In a very real sense, you are the visible hand of managerial ...
Listen122 – Adaptive action from 2021-08-31T09:00
In this episode, I am joined by Glenda Eoyang, who along with her coauthor (Royce Holladay), wrote the book, Adaptive Action: Leveraging uncertainty in your organization. Glenda is the founding dir...
Listen121 – Convergence from 2021-07-31T09:00
In this episode, I am joined by Deborah Westphal, author of the book: Convergence: Technology, Business, and the Human-Centric Future. Deborah has been helping major companies craft their approach ...
Listen120 – Reconomics from 2021-06-30T22:00
In this episode, I talk with Storm Cunningham, author of the book, Reconomics: The path to resilient prosperity. Storm is the Executive Director of the RECONOMICS Institute in Washington, D.C....
Listen119 – The invisible GEMBA from 2021-05-28T09:00
Today I talk with Sam Yankelevitch, author of the book, Walking the Invisible GEMBA: Discover the hidden link between communication and quality. ‘Gemba’ is a Japanese word for the real ...
Listen118 – Out of the African Pleistocene from 2021-04-30T09:00
Anthropologists tell us that anatomically modern humans (i.e., Homo Sapiens) emerged about 300 thousand years ago during the Pleistocene era on the African savannas. For over 95% of their history (...
Listen117- The power in storytelling from 2021-03-31T09:00
In this episode, I offer three stories that illustrate the power of storytelling. Stories can be used to knit threads together, shape how we see things, and derive power from the outcomes that they...
Listen116 – The management technology your organization needs from 2021-02-28T10:00
Today we are at Episode 116 and I am calling it “The management technology your organization needs” [as a footnote, much of today’s content was originally released in May 2017 as ...
Listen115 – Anyone can lead change from 2021-01-30T10:00
In this episode, I am joined by Adam Braus — an author, consultant, and university professor who lives in San Francisco, California. He focuses on change, innovation, and new forms of leaders...
Listen114 – Whispering your organization to health from 2020-12-31T10:00
In this episode, I interview David Childs, Ph.D., who is the author of The Organization Whisperer: The 12 Core Actions that Ripple Excellence through your Organization. Join us as we explore k...
Listen113 – The Future of Humanity from 2020-11-30T10:00
In this episode, I am joined by Fred Spier, a retired senior lecturer in big history at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. We discuss his most recent book, Big History and the Future of ...
Listen112 – Does HR contribute to organizational effectiveness? from 2020-10-30T09:00:22
In this episode, I welcome Dr. Linda Holbeche to the podcast. Linda is the author of several books, but today we discuss her 2017 book, Organizational Effectiveness: A Critical Take on the HR Contr...
Listen111 – Noble purpose from 2020-09-29T09:00
Today I am joined by author Lisa Earle McLeod who has written two books in the last few years on ‘noble purpose.’ Much of her early career was spent in the sales department of a large f...
Listen110 – Freedom management (encore) from 2020-08-28T09:00
In this episode, I interview Professor Luca Solari of the University of Milan (Italy) who has written a book, Freedom Management: How leaders can stay afloat in a sea of social connections. Th...
Listen109 – A philosophy of organizations from 2020-07-31T09:00
Today I am joined by a philosopher. Jean-Philippe Deranty is a Professor of Philosophy at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. His research focuses mainly on social issues, particularly those...
Listen108 – Entrepreneur in Africa from 2020-06-26T09:00
In this episode, I am joined by Marek Zmyslowski, author of the book, Chasing Black Unicorns: How Building the Amazon of Africa Put Me on Interpol's Most Wanted List (2019). Marek is a Polish-born ...
Listen107 – Great leaders create great workplaces from 2020-05-29T09:00
In this episode, I am joined by David Veech, author of the book, Leadersights: Creating Great Leaders Who Create Great Workplaces (2017). David teaches leaders how to love, learn, and let go. ...
Listen106 – Big projects in complex environments from 2020-04-30T09:00
In this episode, I interview Bob Prieto, a senior executive at Strategic Program Management LLC, where he is Chairman & CEO. Bob focuses on achieving capital efficiency in large engineering and...
Listen105 – Fundraising for nonprofits from 2020-03-27T22:00:29
Today I am joined by Martin Leifeld, author of the book, Five Minutes for Fundraising. Martin directed the raising of over $500 million dollars during his 24 years of fundraising leadership in the ...
Listen104 – The Regenerative Business from 2020-02-27T10:00
In this episode, I welcome another guest author, Carol Sanford, to discuss her book, The Regenerative Business: Redesign Work, Cultivate Human Potential, Achieve Extraordinary Outcomes (2017). For ...
Listen103 – Adopting a collaborative stance from 2020-01-31T10:00
In this episode, I welcome a guest author from the UK to the podcast. Paul Skinner is the author of Collaborative Advantage: How collaboration beats competition as a strategy for success. Paul beli...
Listen102 – Managing the next 10,000 years from 2019-12-27T10:00
Today’s episode is called “Managing the Next 10,000 years.” That could be a tall order, since managing the next 10 years will be challenging due to expected global climate disrupt...
Listen101 – When bureaucracy was an innovation from 2019-11-29T10:00
Bureaucracy was an innovation in the mid-1800s, as the world changed from a traditional society to one driven by a new sense of rational-legalism, largely driven by the Protestant ethic. Max Weber,...
Listen100 – Your mission, vision, values, and offerings … in 10 minutes from 2019-10-31T09:00:55
Today the podcast has reached a milestone, at episode 100. Starting back in February 2016, it has taken a little over 3.5 years to get to this point. I hope you have been one of those who have come...
Listen099 – The view from the bottleneck from 2019-09-27T09:00:35
For all practical purposes, the year 1800 was the beginning of the Anthropocene, the age when mankind embarked upon the industrial revolution and great acceleration in economic and population growt...
Listen098 – The Purpose of a Corporation from 2019-08-30T09:00:32
This month, August 2019, the Business Roundtable issued a new overall statement of purpose for a corporation, signed by the CEOs of almost 200 of the largest US corporations. This is a big deal bec...
Listen097 – Finding clarity in business from 2019-07-26T09:00:27
In this episode, I am joined by Dolores Hirschmann as we discuss the IDEA method for finding clarity in business. Dolores is a STRATEGIST, COACH, and BUSINESS OWNER. Her focus is on helping clients...
Listen096 – The freight market from 2019-06-28T09:00:39
This episode continues our occasional series in which we visit a business to try to understand how it works. Today, our guide will be Mandy Barton who is President of Barton Logistics. Mandy shares...
Listen095 – Reinventing management from 2019-05-31T09:00:10
In this episode, I talk about the need to reinvent management and suggest a way forward to achieve it. I like to think of management as a technology that makes all other technologies productive (if...
Listen094 – The role of training in organizations from 2018-08-31T09:00:45
In this episode, I interview Isaac Tolpin, who is a serial entrepreneur and CEO of ConveYour.com, a micro-learning platform. We cover several topics related to the role of training in organizations...
Listen093 – Management by Positive Organizational Effectiveness from 2018-07-31T09:00:06
In this episode, I join Kendall Lott, host of the PM Point of View podcast, which originates from the Washington, D.C. chapter of the Project Management Institute. Kendall invited me to come on hi...
Listen092 – The elephant in the C-suite from 2018-06-29T09:00:50
The elephant comes with risk. There is an elephant in the C-suite. It has been there a long time, but it has blended into the background and few have questioned its legitimacy or presence. The elep...
Listen091 – Measurement, meaning, and validity in management from 2018-06-01T04:55:50
Gary Hamel (London Business School) characterizes management as the technology of human accomplishment. It came into its own in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as the USA entered the new century. A...
Listen090 – We all manage capitalism now, so let’s agree to fix it from 2018-04-20T09:00:32
If you are a manager of an organization, whether business, government or non-profit, you currently have a hand in managing capitalism. In a very real sense, you are the visible hand of managerial c...
Listen089 – The Keys to Firm Survival from 2018-03-02T10:00:34
Given the significant pressures on firms in the real world, what do we know about the traits, characteristics, or management approaches that help ensure that a firm can and will survive within its ...
Listen088 – Management as servant, not master from 2018-02-09T10:00:27
For most of the history of management (beginning in the mid-1800s), organizations included command and control structures and top-down information flow. Managers were viewed as the boss, the big ch...
Listen087 – Back to the Pleistocene from 2018-01-26T10:00:59
Anthropologists tell us that anatomically modern humans (i.e., Homo Sapiens) emerged about 300 thousand years ago during the Pleistocene era on the African savannas. For over 95% of their history (...
Listen086 – Why does worker productivity remain low? from 2018-01-12T10:00:32
Worker productivity is the output of goods and services per hour worked. In the broad terms of an industry, productivity is the gross output of industry sales divided by the number of workers alloc...
Listen085 – We are all knowledge workers now from 2017-12-31T00:51:23
Peter Drucker predicted in his 1959 book, The Landmarks of Tomorrow, that the most valuable assets of a 21st Century institution (business or non-business) would be knowledge workers and their prod...
Listen084 – Three reasons management is broken (but can be fixed) from 2017-12-08T10:00:38
If we need fresh evidence that management is broken, we only have to look at the 2017 numbers on worker engagement from Gallup. Only 21% of employees strongly agree that they are managed in a way t...
Listen083 – The Organization Whisperer from 2017-11-24T10:00:04
In this episode, I interview David Childs, Ph.D., who is the author of The Organization Whisperer: The 12 Core Actions that Ripple Excellence through your Organization. Join us as we explore key ar...
Listen082 – Vending&School Spirit from 2017-11-10T10:00:09
In this episode, we visit with Matt Miller, founder of School Spirit Vending. Matt heads a business enterprise that uses a franchise model to serve a unique niche at the intersection of vending ...
Listen081 – Effective entrepreneurship from 2017-10-20T09:00:49
In this episode, I explore three ideas about effective entrepreneurship: the most effective entrepreneurs create a platform for others to build upon and benefit from, one that users can interact wi...
Listen080 – Adventures in Capitalism from 2017-10-06T09:00:21
Consider how an upbeat story about a business (Shake Shack) was distorted on social media, eliciting some negative responses in which people question the underlying motivation of management. There ...
Listen079 – Claim a niche and serve it from 2017-09-22T09:00:49
It is said that the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing. Whether generalist or specialist, an organization needs to claim a niche and serve it so well that the competition i...
Listen078 – The Power of Story from 2017-09-08T09:00
In this episode, I tell three stories which illustrate the power that this form of expression can have. Stories knit threads together, shape how we see things, and derive power from the outcomes th...
Listen077 – The outcome economy in technology services from 2017-08-25T09:00:09
Today I want to focus on a transition happening in the technology services industry driven by some macro trends. This issue appeared on my radar screen while I was looking into the business models ...
Listen076 – The Boomerang Principle (encore) from 2017-08-11T09:00:10
In this episode, I welcome back Ms. Lee Caraher, CEO of Double-Forte, a public relations and marketing services firm with offices in San Francisco, New York, and Boston. Lee was first on the podcas...
Listen075 – The new assumptions of management from 2017-08-04T09:00:30
In his 1999 book, Management Challenges for the 21st Century, Peter Drucker explored the assumptions that pertain to the study of management. They are important, he wrote, because they “largely det...
Listen074 – Being intentional about being virtuous from 2017-07-28T09:00:11
There are three reasons why an organization needs to be intentional about being virtuous. The first is that positive values, virtues, and attributes amplify the demand-side responses to the organiz...
Listen073 – Growing Weeders into Leaders from 2017-07-21T09:00:19
In this episode, I welcome Jeff McManus to the podcast, who is the Director of Landscape Services for the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). Jeff has a new book titled Growing Weeders into Leade...
Listen072 – Engaging workers on a deeper level (encore) from 2017-07-14T09:00:22
In this episode, I interview Professor Luca Solari of the University of Milan (Italy) who has written a new book, Freedom Management: How leaders can stay afloat in a sea of social connections. The...
Listen071 – Does an organization need a big goal? from 2017-07-07T09:00:55
You may have heard of a BHAG, which stands for Big Hairy Audacious Goal. It is the idea that for an organization to excel at what it does, it needs to work toward a big long-term goal that takes a ...
Listen070 – Why the goal of every organization is the same (encore) from 2017-06-30T09:00:30
In this episode, I discuss the surprising idea that the goal of every organization is the same. Join me as I explain how this finding is part of a new way to think about management, called Manageme...
Listen069 – The Amazon Way from 2017-06-23T09:00:39
In this episode, I am joined by author John Rossman as we talk about The Amazon Way, a book he wrote on his experience as an Amazon executive. Tune in to explore some of the 14 principles that are ...
Listen068 – Simplicity on the far side of complexity from 2017-06-09T09:00:41
In the spring of 1804, explorers Lewis & Clark and their party, began an assent of the Missouri River from St Louis in search of an overland passage to the Pacific Coast. They were on a mission...
Listen067 – ‘Greatness’ does not arise from negative values from 2017-06-02T09:00:23
If you have listened to this podcast for a while you will know that the philosophy I advocate to lead your organization is called Management by Positive Organizational Effectiveness (M+OE). It is o...
Listen066 – ‘Big History’ and its extension from 2017-05-26T09:00:21
You may have heard the term ‘Big History’. It comes from historian David Christian, at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. He has a TED talk describing what his team has been up to with Big ...
Listen065 – The new management technology that every organization needs from 2017-05-12T09:00:12
A technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. When it comes to management technologies that can be used to guide the overall performance of an organization, new on...
Listen064 – Narratives as attractors (within CAS) encore from 2017-04-21T09:00:11
This episode is part of a discussion of organizations as complex adaptive systems. Organizational narratives can serve as attractors to align behavior within an organization to its broader goals an...
Listen063 – Can Holacracy replace Bureaucracy? from 2017-04-14T09:00:02
In this episode, I interview Karim Bishay, the principal consultant at Living Orgs., based in Oakland, California. We discuss the organizational governance technology termed holacracy, where decisi...
Listen062 – Programming the work (Part II) encore from 2017-04-07T09:00:02
In this episode, I continue the discussion on programming the organization that was begun last week. This week’s episode focuses on programming under uncertainty, illustrating techniques such...
Listen061 – Programming the work (Part I) encore from 2017-03-31T09:00:33
In this episode, I explore the question of how a system of management programs an organization, including the tasks of its manual workers and knowledge workers. A few examples are given to illustra...
Listen060 – Taking an organization’s values to the bank (encore) from 2017-03-24T09:00:33
Let’s talk about the value of virtuous values. The first phase in our approach to Management by Positive Organizational Effectiveness is “Be Virtuous”. It is all well and good to ...
Listen059 – A critical take on the contribution of HR from 2017-03-17T09:00:09
In this episode, I welcome Dr. Linda Holbeche to the podcast. Linda is the author of several books, but her most recent one is entitled Influencing Organizational Effectiveness: A Critical Take on ...
Listen058 – Creating Lifetime Employee Loyalty from 2017-03-10T10:00:20
In this episode, I welcome back Ms. Lee Caraher, CEO of Double-Forte, a public relations and marketing services firm with offices in San Francisco, New York, and Boston. Lee was first on the podcas...
Listen057 – The Purpose-Driven Organization (encore) from 2017-03-03T10:00:52
You have probably heard of purpose-driven organizations. In this podcast, I discuss the lineage of this idea. I will also explain a possible next step in this evolution, that is, the effectiveness-...
Listen056 – The Intentions of Our Robotic Overlords (rerun) from 2017-02-24T10:00
One of the recurring themes I see expressed from time to time in the media is humanity’s fascination, mixed with fear, that a humanoid robot equipped with artificial intelligence could be created, ...
Listen055 – The Goal of Every Organization from 2017-02-17T10:00:45
In this episode, I discuss a finding from my recent book (Become Truly Great). It is the surprising idea that the goal of every organization is the same. Join me as I explain how this finding is pa...
Listen054 – Best practice for Boards (rerun) from 2017-02-10T10:00:45
In this episode, I interview Jannice Moore, President of The Governance Coach, a consulting firm that specializes in coaching boards. Over the last 22 years, The Governance Coach team of consultant...
Listen053 – Serving the Common Good from 2017-02-03T10:00:28
In this episode, I celebrate the one year anniversary of the podcast (which started on February 4, 2016, with episode 001) by looking back over the last year. Much of the year’s activity has ...
Listen052 – Organizations as Complex Adaptive Systems from 2017-01-27T10:00:14
This week’s episode deals with complex adaptive systems, which are found both in nature and in organizational settings (among other places)… With storm clouds overhead, I stand along a ...
Listen051 – Managing a historical museum (rerun) from 2017-01-20T10:00:50
In this episode I interview Mr. Jeryl Hoover, Executive Director of the Pioneer Museum in Fredericksburg, Texas. The museum is located in the City of Fredericksburg on a 3 acre campus near downtown...
Listen050 – Is management thought undergoing a paradigm shift? (rerun) from 2017-01-13T10:00:56
In this episode, I consider whether a paradigm shift is underway in management thought. The original inspiration for this question came from a couple of articles that Steve Denning wrote in Forbes,...
Listen049 Using ‘shared value’ to reinvent capitalism (rerun) from 2017-01-06T10:00:29
In this episode, I take a look at the idea of “shared value”, introduced by Michael Porter and Mark Kramer in 2011, and consider whether it has lived up to its original promise, that is...
Listen048 – Management of Visual and Performing Arts (rerun) from 2016-12-30T10:00:29
This was our first episode on non-profit organizations (and #003 in our podcast series). It was originally broadcast in February 2016). In this episode, I interview Mr. David Howard, Executive Dir...
Listen047 – Water&Sewer Management (rerun) from 2016-12-23T10:00:28
In this episode I visit the City of Kerrville (Texas) to discuss the management of water and sewer services with Ms. Kristine Day (Deputy City Manager) and Mr. Stuart Barron (Director of Public Wor...
Listen046 Library management (rerun) from 2016-12-16T10:00:20
In this episode, I interview Ms. Laura Bechtel, Library Director at the Butt-Holdsworth Memorial Library (Kerrville, Texas) to discuss the concept of excellence in library management, and what it m...
Listen045 Freedom Management from 2016-12-09T10:00:17
In this episode, I interview Professor Luca Solari of the University of Milan (Italy) who has written a new book, Freedom Management: How leaders can stay afloat in a sea of social connections. The...
Listen044 The visible hand of management (rerun) from 2016-12-02T10:00:14
In this episode I discuss how the visible hand of management (described by Alfred D. Chandler, Jr.) replaced the invisible hand of the free market (first mentioned by Adam Smith), so that our econo...
Listen043 University management (rerun) from 2016-11-25T10:00:40
In this episode I interview Dr. Michael Grillo, Director of Institutional Effectiveness and Assistant Professor of Political Science at Schreiner University (Kerrville, Texas). We explore instituti...
Listen042 Millennials and work (rerun) from 2016-11-18T10:00:13
In this episode, I interview Ms. Lee Caraher, CEO of Double-Forte, a public relations and marketing services firm with offices in San Francisco, New York, and Boston. Lee has written a book entitle...
Listen041 Winery management (rerun) from 2016-11-11T10:00:07
In this episode I interview Ms. Rachel Ponte, co-owner of the Rancho Ponte Vinyard and Winery near Fredericksburg, Texas. Website for reference: RanchoPonte Charl...
Listen040 Narratives as attractors from 2016-11-04T09:00:15
In this episode, I continue the discussion of organizations as complex adaptive systems (begun in Episode 017). Organizational narratives can serve as attractors to align behavior within an organiz...
Listen039 Airport management (rerun) from 2016-10-28T09:00:13
In this podcast (originally broadcast in February 2016), I interview three guests regarding airport management. This was our first podcast exploring government agencies. Specific airports mentioned...
Listen038 Does ‘quality’ improve effectiveness? (rerun) from 2016-10-21T09:00:41
In this episode, I interview Ankit Patel, Managing Director at The Lean Way Consulting. Ankit is an entrepreneur and Lean Six Sigma expert who I have come to know through a mutual acquaintance. I a...
Listen037 Programming the organization (Part II) from 2016-10-14T09:00:52
In this episode, I continue the discussion on programming the organization that was begun last week. This week’s episode focuses on programming under uncertainty, illustrating techniques such as se...
Listen036 Programming the organization (Part I) from 2016-10-07T09:00:03
In this episode, I explore the question of how a system of management programs an organization, including the tasks of its manual workers and knowledge workers. A few examples are given to illustra...
Listen035 Do boards matter? from 2016-09-30T09:00:32
In this episode, I interview Jannice Moore, President of The Governance Coach, a consulting firm that specializes in coaching boards. Over the last 22 years, The Governance Coach team of consultant...
Listen034 Goal setting can do more harm than good from 2016-09-23T09:00:14
In this episode, I describe how goal setting can do more harm than good. In many organizations, goal setting is being widely used as over-the-counter medicine that “is good for what ails you” when ...
Listen033 Can an organization take its values to the bank? from 2016-09-16T09:00:56
Let’s talk about the value of virtuous values. The first phase in our approach to Management by Positive Organizational Effectiveness is “Be Virtuous”. It is all well and good to have virtuous valu...
Listen032 Become Great from 2016-09-09T09:00:19
Over many weeks this podcast has explored a new way to think about organizations and their effectiveness, which I have labeled Management by Positive Organizational Effectiveness. It advocates the ...
Listen031 Examples of Positive Organizational Effectiveness Now from 2016-09-02T09:00:37
In this episode, I provide examples of organizations that exhibit positive organizational effectiveness (+OE) now. I discuss business organizations that I believe currently qualify as good examples...
Listen030 The purpose-driven organization from 2016-08-26T09:00:52
You have probably heard of purpose-driven organizations. In this podcast, I discuss the lineage of this idea. I will also explain a possible next step in this evolution, that is, the effectiveness-...
Listen029 Be virtuous from 2016-08-19T09:00:02
In this episode, I discuss the proposed title of my new book, “Be virtuous, discover effectiveness, become great!” Of particular interest is the addition of the first words, “be virtuous”, which we...
Listen028 “Think different” about effectiveness (Rerun) from 2016-08-12T11:00:24
Today’s episode is a rerun of episode 015, first published May 13, 2016. In 1997, Apple began an ad campaign called “think different”, which featured billboards with large pictures of notably famou...
Listen027 The benefits of organizational effectiveness (Rerun) from 2016-08-05T11:00:20
Today’s episode is a rerun of episode 011, first published April 15, 2016. In this episode I discuss the benefits of organizational effectiveness, and in particular, examples of benefit exchanges a...
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